The following codes are adopted by reference subject to the amendments set forth in BIMC 20.04.010 through 20.04.130:

A. The International Fire Code, 2021 Edition, published by the International Code Council, and as amended as set forth in Chapter 51-54A WAC, and adopted by the State Building Code Council, with the addition of the following appendices: Appendix B (Fire Flow Requirements) as amended in BIMC 20.04.110, Appendix D (Fire Apparatus Access Roads) as amended in BIMC 20.04.130, Appendix E (Hazard Categories), Appendix F (Hazard Ranking), Appendix G (Cryogenic Fluids – Weight and Volume Equivalents), Appendix H (Hazardous Materials Management Plan (HMMP) and Hazardous Materials Inventory Statement (HMIS) Instructions), and Appendix I (Fire Protection Systems – Noncompliant Conditions) (the “International Fire Code”).

B. The International Wildland Urban Interface Code, 2021 Edition, as published by the International Code Council, as amended as set forth in Chapter 19.27 RCW, and as amended in BIMC 20.04.140. (Ord. 2024-07 § 1, 2024; Ord. 2021-01 § 1, 2021; Ord. 2016-13 § 2, 2016: Ord. 2013-12 § 2, 2013: Ord. 2010-16 § 1, 2010: Ord. 2008-23 § 5, 2008: Ord. 2008-10 § 9, 2008)

Section 101.1 of the International Fire Code is amended to read as follows:

101.1 Title. These regulations shall be known as the Bainbridge Island Fire Code, hereinafter referred to as “this code.”

(Ord. 2008-10 § 9, 2008)

Section 111 of the International Fire Code is amended to read as follows:

SECTION 111

111.1 Appeals.

A. General. Except for civil infractions, misdemeanors and civil penalties imposed pursuant to BIMC 20.04.040, the fire chief of the Bainbridge Island Fire Department and city hearing examiner shall have the authority to hear and decide appeals of orders, decisions and/or determinations made by the fire code official relative to the application and interpretation of the city fire code.

B. Review by Fire Chief. A person or entity that is directly affected by an order, decision and/or determination made by the fire code official may request that the fire chief review said order, decision and/or determination. Any request for review must be submitted to the fire chief within 14 calendar days of issuance of the order, decision and/or determination. The request shall state the grounds for the review and shall be filed with the fire chief. If no such request for review is filed within the required timeline, the order, decision and/or determination of the fire code official shall be final.

C. Appeal. The decision of the fire chief regarding any request for review may be appealed to the city hearing examiner within 14 calendar days of issuance of said decision. The appeal must be filed with the city clerk and in accordance with BIMC 2.16.020R. The appeal shall be considered in accordance with the process set forth in BIMC 2.16.020R. If no such appeal is filed within the required timeline, the decision of the fire chief shall be final.

D. Limitations on Authority. An application for appeal shall be based on a claim that the true intent of the city fire code or the rules legally adopted thereunder have been incorrectly interpreted, the provisions of the city fire code do not fully apply or an equally good or better form of construction is proposed. The fire chief and/or hearing examiner shall have no authority to waive requirements of this code.

E. Conflict. In the event and to the extent the language of this section conflicts with language of the codes and/or appendices adopted by reference in BIMC 20.04.010, the language of this section shall prevail over the language it conflicts with in any said code and/or appendix.

(Ord. 2024-07 § 2, 2024; Ord. 2021-01 § 2, 2021; Ord. 2016-13 § 3, 2016: Ord. 2008-10 § 9, 2008)

Section 112 of the International Fire Code is amended to read as follows:

SECTION 112

VIOLATIONS

112.1 Unlawful Acts. It shall be unlawful for a person, firm or corporation to erect, construct, alter, repair, remove, demolish or utilize a building, occupancy, premises or system regulated by this code, or cause same to be done, in conflict with or in violation of any of the provisions of this code.

112.2 Owner/Occupant Responsibility. Correction and abatement of violations of this code shall be the responsibility of the owner or the owner’s authorized agent. If an occupant creates, or allows to be created, hazardous conditions in violation of this code, the occupant shall be held responsible for the abatement of such hazardous conditions.

112.3 Notice of Violation. When the fire code official (or designee) finds a building, premises, vehicle, storage facility or outdoor area that is in violation of this code, the fire code official (or designee) is authorized to prepare a written notice of violation describing the conditions deemed unsafe and where compliance is not immediate, specifying a time for reinspection.

112.3.1 Service. A notice of violation issued pursuant to this code shall be served upon the owner, operator, occupant, or other person responsible for the condition or violation, either by personal service, mail, or by delivering the same to, and leaving it with, some person of responsibility upon the premises. For unattended or abandoned locations, a copy of such notice of violation shall be posted on the premises in a conspicuous place and the notice of violation shall be mailed by certified mail with return receipt requested or a certificate of mailing, to the last known address of the owner, occupant or both.

112.3.2 Compliance with Orders and Notices. A notice of violation issued or served as provided by this code shall be complied with by the owner, the owner’s authorized agent, operator, occupant or other person responsible for the condition or violation to which the notice of violation pertains.

112.3.3 Prosecution of Violations. If the notice of violation is not complied with promptly, the fire code official is authorized to request the city code enforcement official or prosecutor to institute the appropriate legal proceedings at law or in equity to restrain, correct or abate such violation or to require removal or termination of the unlawful occupancy of the structure in violation of the provisions of the city fire code or of the order or direction made pursuant hereto.

112.3.4 Unauthorized Tampering. Signs, tags or seals posted or affixed by the fire code official shall not be mutilated, destroyed or tampered with or removed without authorization from the fire code official. Any mutilation, destruction, tampering or removal of said signs, tags, and/or seals is unlawful and a violation of the city fire code.

112.4 Violation Penalties.

A. Civil Infraction. Except as provided in subsection B of this section, conduct made unlawful by the city fire code shall constitute a civil infraction and is subject to enforcement and fines as provided in BIMC 1.26.035, including payment of a fine of not more than five hundred dollars ($500.00) per violation for each day of noncompliance and payment of court costs. A civil infraction under this section shall be processed in the manner set forth in Chapter 1.26 BIMC. Enforcement of this code and the imposition of penalties for violations of this code shall be by the Fire Code Official as provided for in Chapter 1.26 BIMC.

B. Misdemeanor. Any person who again violates this section within twelve (12) months after receiving a notice of infraction pursuant to subsection A of this section, commits a misdemeanor and any person who is convicted thereof shall be punished as provided in BIMC 1.24.010.A.

C. Civil Penalty. In addition to any civil infraction fine, criminal penalty, and/or other available sanction or remedial procedure, any person engaging in conduct made unlawful by the city fire code shall be subject to a cumulative civil penalty in the amount of $1,000 per day for each violation from the date set for compliance until the date of compliance. Any such civil penalty shall be collected in accordance with BIMC 1.26.090.

D. Additional Remedies. In addition to any other remedy provided by this chapter or under the Bainbridge Island Municipal Code, the city may initiate injunction or abatement proceedings or any other appropriate action in courts against any person who violates or fails to comply with any provision of this chapter to prevent, enjoin, abate, and/or terminate violations of this chapter and/or to restore a condition which existed prior to the violation. In any such proceeding, the person violating and/or failing to comply with any provisions of the city building code shall be liable for the costs and reasonable attorney’s fees incurred by the city in bringing, maintaining and/or prosecuting such action.

E. In the event and to the extent the language of this section conflicts with language of the codes and/or appendices adopted by reference in BIMC 20.04.010, the language of this section shall prevail over the language it conflicts with in any said code and/or appendix.

112.4.1 Abatement of Violation. In addition to the imposition of the penalties herein described, the fire code official is authorized to institute appropriate action to prevent unlawful construction or to restrain, correct or abate a violation; or to prevent illegal occupancy of a structure or premises; or to stop an illegal act, conduct of business or occupancy of a structure on or about any premises.

(Ord. 2024-07 § 3, 2024; Ord. 2021-01 § 3, 2021; Ord. 2016-13 § 4, 2016: Ord. 2013-12 § 3, 2013: Ord. 2008-10 § 9, 2008)

Section 113.4 of the International Fire Code is amended to read as follows:

113.4 Failure to Comply. It is a violation of this code for any person who shall continue any work after having been served with a stop work order, except such work as that person is directed to perform to remove a violation or unsafe condition.

(Ord. 2024-07 § 4, 2024; Ord. 2021-01 § 4, 2021; Ord. 2008-10 § 9, 2008)

Section 307.1 of the International Fire Code is amended to read as follows:

307.1 General. A person shall not kindle or maintain or authorize to be kindled or maintained any open burning unless conducted and approved in accordance with this section and BIMC Chapter 20.12.

(Ord. 2008-10 § 9, 2008)

Section 308.1.6.3 of the International Fire Code is amended to read as follows:

308.1.6.3 Sky Lanterns. A person shall not release or cause to be released a sky lantern.

(Ord. 2016-13 § 5, 2016)

Section 501.1 of the International Fire Code is hereby amended to read as follows:

501.1. Scope. Fire service features for buildings, structures, and premises shall comply with this chapter and Appendix D as amended.

(Ord. 2008-23 § 6, 2008)

Section 503 of the International Fire Code is hereby amended to read as follows:

SECTION 503

FIRE APPARATUS ACCESS ROADS

503.1 Where required. Fire apparatus access roads shall be provided and maintained in accordance with Sections 503.1.1 through 503.1.3.

503.1.1 Buildings and Facilities. Approved fire apparatus access roads shall be provided for every facility, building or portion of a building hereafter constructed or moved into or within the jurisdiction. The fire apparatus access road shall comply with the requirements of this section and shall extend to within 150 feet of all portions of the facility and all portions of the exterior walls of the first story of the building as measured by an approved route around the exterior of the building or facility.

Exception: The fire code official is authorized to increase the dimension of 150 feet where:

1. The building is equipped throughout with an approved automatic fire sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, 903.3.1.2 or 903.3.1.3.

2. Fire apparatus access roads cannot be installed because of location on property, topography, waterways, nonnegotiable grades or other similar conditions, and an approved alternative means of fire protection is provided.

3. There are not more than two Group R-3 or Group U occupancies.

503.1.2 Additional Access. The fire code official is authorized to require more than one fire apparatus access road based on the potential for impairment of a single road by vehicle congestion, condition of terrain, climatic conditions or other factors that could limit access.

503.1.3 High-piled Storage. Fire department vehicle access to buildings used for high-piled combustible storage shall comply with the applicable provisions of Chapter 32.

503.2 Specifications. Fire apparatus access roads shall be installed and arranged in accordance with Sections 503.2.1 through 503.2.8.

503.2.1 Dimensions. Fire apparatus access roads shall have an unobstructed width of not less than 20 feet, except for approved security gates in accordance with Section 503.6, and an unobstructed vertical clearance of not less than 13 feet 6 inches, unless otherwise approved by the fire marshal of the Bainbridge Island Fire Department.

Exceptions:

1. The width may be reduced in residential areas consisting of only single-family homes, providing the width is consistent with Public Works Department street standards and not less than a 12-foot-wide drivable surface.

2. Public streets shall be in accordance with Public Works Department street standards.

503.2.2 Authority. The fire code official shall have the authority to require an increase in the minimum access widths where they are inadequate for fire or rescue operations.

503.2.3 Surface. Fire apparatus access roads shall be designed and maintained to support the imposed loads of fire apparatus and shall be surfaced so as to provide all-weather driving capabilities. (See also Appendix D Section D102.1.)

503.2.4 Turning Radius. The required turning radius of a fire apparatus access road shall be determined by the fire code official.

503.2.5 Dead Ends. Dead-end fire apparatus access roads in excess of 150 feet in length shall be provided with an approved area for turning around fire apparatus.

503.2.6 Bridges and Elevated Surfaces. Where a bridge or an elevated surface is part of a fire apparatus access road, the bridge shall be constructed and maintained in accordance with AASHTO Standard Specification for Highway Bridges HB-17. Bridges and elevated surfaces shall be designed for a live load sufficient to carry the imposed loads of fire apparatus. Vehicle load limits shall be posted at both entrances to bridges when required by the fire code official. Where elevated surfaces designed for emergency vehicle use are adjacent to surfaces which are not designed for such use, approved barriers, approved signs or both shall be installed and maintained when required by the fire code official.

503.2.7 Grade. The grade of the fire apparatus access road shall be based on the fire department apparatus and be within the limits established by the fire code official.

503.2.7.1 Public Fire Apparatus Access Roadways. The grade of public fire apparatus access roads shall be in accordance with Public Works Department street standards but shall not exceed the limits set forth in 503.2.7.2.

503.2.7.2 Private Fire Apparatus Access Roadways. The grade of existing private fire apparatus access roads shall not exceed 12%.

Exception: Private fire apparatus access roads where grades are greater than 12% but not exceeding 15% shall be paved, or in lieu of paving, shall have an automatic fire sprinkler system installed in any new structure. Grades exceeding 15% will require the fire apparatus access road to be paved, all new structures to be equipped with an automatic fire sprinkler system, and special approval by the fire code official.

503.2.8 Angles of Approach and Departure. The angles of approach and departure for fire apparatus access roads shall be within the limits established by the fire code official based on the department’s apparatus.

503.3 Marking. Where required by the fire code official, approved signs or other approved notices or markings that include the words NO PARKING – FIRE LANE – TOW AWAY ZONE shall be provided for fire apparatus access roads to identify such roads or prohibit the obstruction thereof. The means by which fire lanes are designated shall be maintained in a clean and legible condition at all times and shall be replaced or repaired when necessary to provide adequate visibility. The property owner(s) of the designated fire lane shall have sole responsibility to install and maintain the required signs and markings. Where required, signs shall be 12 inches by 18 inches in size with white background and red lettering, securely attached to a fixed object or post. Signs shall be placed not less than four feet nor more than six feet above grade level. Where required, curbs shall be painted red on the sides and top with white lettering not less than four inches high at 30-foot intervals and read “No Parking Fire Lane – Tow Away Zone” if signs are not provided.

503.4 Obstruction of fire apparatus access roads. Fire apparatus access roads shall not be obstructed in any manner, including the parking of vehicles. The minimum widths and clearances established in Section 503.2.1 shall be maintained at all times.

503.5 Required gates or barricades. The fire code official is authorized to require the installation and maintenance of gates or other approved barricades across fire apparatus access roads, trails or other access ways, not including public streets, alleys or highways. Electric gate operators, where provided, shall be listed in accordance with UL325. Gates intended for automatic operation shall be designed, constructed and installed to comply with the requirements of ASTM F 2200.

503.5.1 Secured gates and barricades. When required, gates and barricades shall be secured in an approved manner. Roads, trails and other access ways that have been closed and obstructed in the manner prescribed by Section 503.5 shall not be trespassed on or used unless authorized by the owner and the fire code official.

Exception: The restriction on use shall not apply to public officers acting within the scope of duty.

503.6 Security gates. The installation of security gates across a fire apparatus access road shall be approved by the fire code official. Where security gates are installed, they shall have an approved means of emergency operation. The security gates and the emergency operation shall be maintained operational at all times. Electric gate operators, where provided, shall be listed in accordance with UL325. Gates intended for automatic operation shall be designed, constructed and installed to comply with the requirements of ASTM F 2200.

(Ord. 2021-01 § 5, 2021; Ord. 2016-13 § 6, 2016: Ord. 2013-12 § 4, 2013: Ord. 2010-16 § 2, 2010: Ord. 2008-23 § 9, 2008: Ord. 2008-10 § 9, 2008)

Section 507.2 of the International Fire Code is hereby amended to read as follows:

507.2 Type of Water Supply. A water supply shall consist of reservoirs, pressure tanks, elevated tanks, water mains, or other fixed systems capable of providing the required fire flow.

507.2.1 City-Owned Water Systems. City-owned water systems providing fire protection water supplies shall comply with the applicable requirements of this Code, and the applicable requirements of Title 13 of the Bainbridge Island Municipal Code.

507.2.2 Other Publicly-Owned or Privately-Owned Water Systems. All other publicly-owned or privately-owned water systems providing fire protection water supplies shall comply with the applicable requirements of this Code and requirements set forth by that respective water purveyor.

507.2.3 Water System Improvements. For all water systems providing fire protection water supplies, any alterations to the system shall not reduce the capability or capacity of the system as it is currently designed and installed.

507.2.4 Approvals Required. For all water systems providing fire protection water supplies, any alterations that result in changes to fire flow delivery and capacity shall be submitted to the Fire Department for review and approval prior to installation. Such alterations include but are not limited to tanks, pumps, water distribution lines, new pressure reducing valves, and fire hydrants and their locations.

Section 507.5 of the International Fire Code is hereby amended to read as follows:

507.5 Fire Hydrants. Fire hydrants shall comply with Sections 507.5.1 through 507.5.8.

507.5.1 Where required. Fire hydrant locations and spacing shall conform to the following:

507.5.1.1 For new single-family dwellings and new subdivisions of land that are limited to single-family dwelling construction, a fire hydrant shall be within 1,000 feet of each structure located on a fire apparatus access road, as measured along an approved access roadway required for the fire department to lay fire hose or as required by the Fire Marshal.

EXCEPTIONS:

1. Single-family dwellings equipped throughout with an approved automatic fire sprinkler system.

507.5.1.2 For hydrants that supply fire flow for multi-family dwellings and commercial structures, the distance from a dwelling or structure to a hydrant shall be 400 feet; for dwellings or structures equipped with an approved fire sprinkler system, the distance shall be 600 feet to a hydrant.

507.5.2 Outlets. Fire hydrants shall have a minimum five inch (5") main valve opening, two (2) two and one half-inch (2 1/2") outlets, and a four and one-half inch (4 1/2") steamer/pumper port with a four inch (4") one-quarter turn quick connect Storz adapter; such outlets and port shall have National Standard Threads.

507.5.3 Installation. Fire hydrants shall stand plumb and be set to finished grade; the center of the lowest outlet shall be no less than eighteen inches (18") nor more than twenty-eight inches (28") above grade; there shall not be less than thirty-six inches (36") radius of clear area surrounding the outlets and control valve to permit the operation of a hydrant wrench; the steamer/pumper port shall face the street or, if there is no street, the most likely route of emergency approach.

507.5.4 Hydrant painting. Fire hydrants shall be painted as follows:

A. Barrel: Any bright, highly visible color.

B. Tops: The required color for the tops of hydrants are as follows:

Top of Hydrant Color
Gallons per minute of flow (gpm)	Color of top
1,500 or more gpm	Blue
1,000 – 1,499 gpm	Green
500 – 999 gpm	Orange
499 or less gpm	Red

507.5.5 Type. Flush-type hydrants are not allowed except under unusual circumstances, and then only with the specific approval of the Fire Marshal.

507.5.6 Roadway markers. Reflectorized standard blue hydrant identification markers shall be placed on any paved access roadway to identify each hydrant. Markers shall be placed on the side nearest the hydrant, six inches (6") from the center line of the access roadway.

507.5.7 Parking. No person shall park any vehicle within fifteen feet (15') of a fire hydrant, without specific approval from the Fire Marshal.

507.5.8 Water mains. New or replacement water mains which do or are intended to serve fire hydrants shall be not less than six inches (6") nominal diameter, provided minimum fire flow requirements are met.

(Ord. 2021-01 § 6, 2021; Ord. 2013-12 § 5, 2013: Ord. 2008-23 § 10, 2008)

Section 901.6.3 of the International Fire Code is hereby amended to read as follows:

901.6.3 Records of all system inspections, tests, and maintenance required by the referenced standards shall be maintained and copies of such records shall be required to be submitted to the Fire Code Official by either the property owner or the entity performing the inspection.

(Ord. 2021-01 § 7, 2021)

Section 903 of the International Fire Code is hereby amended to read as follows:

903.1 General. Automatic sprinkler systems shall comply with this section. For the purpose of this section, for determining automatic fire sprinkler system requirements, fire areas shall be defined as the total floor areas of all floor levels within the exterior walls, including mezzanines, as well as all areas under the horizontal projections of the roof of a building (such as a connecting breezeway or carports open on two sides). Fire walls shall not define separate buildings.

903.2.13 Other automatic fire sprinkler system requirements.

A. Sprinkler Systems Required.

1. A fully automatic fire sprinkler system designed, installed and tested pursuant to the current edition of NFPA 13, NFPA 13R, or NFPA 13D, as determined by the fire marshal, shall be installed in all new buildings in excess of 3,600 square feet total floor area.

2. A fully automatic fire sprinkler system meeting the standards set forth in subsection A.1 of this section may be required by the chief of the fire district for any new building in the city, when, in the judgment of the fire code official, any of the following conditions exist: hazardous operations, hazardous contents, critical exposure problems, limited accessibility to the buildings, or other items which may contribute to definite fire hazards.

3. All fire sprinkler systems installed after the effective date of the ordinance codified in this subsection shall be equipped with a leak detector meter which includes a double check valve assembly.

B. Conflicts. In the event that any provision of this section conflicts with any provision of the Building Code or the Fire Code as adopted by the city, the more stringent (greatest protection) provision shall apply.

C. Exceptions. The chief of the fire district and the city building official shall have the authority to grant exceptions to the provisions of this section. All such exceptions must be in writing and shall be granted only where the required installation of a fire sprinkler system would create a safety hazard.

D. Existing Buildings.

1. Existing buildings equipped with an automatic fire sprinkler system, when remodeled or added onto, shall retain the feature of being equipped with an automatic fire sprinkler system in the remodeled or added on portion.

2. If, by expanding an existing building of 3,600 or more square feet of total floor area, the entire structure shall be equipped with an automatic fire sprinkler system as required in subsection A.1 or A.2 of this section, whichever may apply.

EXCEPTION: One- and two-family dwellings less than 5,000 square feet within 1,000 feet of a fire hydrant as measured along an approved access roadway from the structure that supplies not less than 500 gpm for a minimum of 30 minutes.

3. If a building permit is required in the remodeling, without expanding, of an existing structure 3,600 square feet or more of total floor area, the entire structure shall be equipped with an automatic fire sprinkler system as required in subsection A.1 or A.2 of this section, whichever may apply.

EXCEPTION:

1.) When the work area is less than 25 percent of the total floor area.

2.) One- and two-family dwellings.

(Ord. 2024-07 § 5, 2024; Ord. 2021-01 § 8, 2021; Ord. 2016-13 § 8, 2016: Ord. 2013-12 § 6, 2013: Ord. 2010-16 § 3, 2010: Ord. 2008-23 § 11, 2008: Ord. 2008-10 § 9, 2008)

Section B105.1 of Appendix B to the International Fire Code is hereby amended to read as follows:

B105.1 One- and two-family dwellings. The minimum fire-flow requirements for one- and two-family dwellings shall be not less than 500 gallons per minute (g.p.m.) for a minimum of 30 minutes from a fire hydrant within 1,000 feet as measured along an approved access roadway from the structure.

Exceptions:

1. When the structure complies with NFPA 1142.

2. When the structure is equipped with an approved automatic fire sprinkler system.

Section B105.2 of Appendix B to the International Fire Code is hereby amended to read as follows:

B105.2 Structures other than one- and two-family dwellings. The minimum fire flow requirements for structures other than one- and two-family dwellings shall be not less than 1,000 gallons per minute (g.p.m.) for not less than 1 hour from a fire hydrant within 400 feet as measured along an approved access roadway from the structure.

Exception:

1. Fire flow between 500-999 g.p.m. from a fire hydrant within 600 feet as measured along an approved access roadway and the installation of an approved automatic fire sprinkler system. If available fire flow is less than 500 g.p.m., then no development may take place until the applicable fire flow requirements are met in B105.2.

(Ord. 2021-01 § 9, 2021; Ord. 2008-23 § 12, 2008)

Repealed by Ord. 2021-01. (Ord. 2008-23 § 13, 2008)

Section D103, Minimum Specifications, of Appendix D of the International Fire Code is not adopted. (Ord. 2008-23 § 14, 2008)

Section 501 of the International Wildland Urban Interface Code is adopted, and Section 501.1 is amended to read as follows:

501.1 Scope. The installation of new or replacement wood shake roof coverings on any building or structure shall comply with the relevant provisions of the City’s Building Code and BIMC 20.04.140.

Exceptions:

1. Accessory structures not exceeding 12 square feet (11 m2) in floor area where located not less than 50 feet (15.24 m) from buildings containing habitable spaces.

2. Agricultural buildings not less than 50 feet (15.24 m) from buildings containing habitable spaces.

Sections 502, 503, 504.2, 505.2, and 506.2 of the International Wildland Urban Interface Code are adopted.

Section 507 of the International Wildland Urban Interface Code is amended to read as follows:

507.1 General. Wood shake roof covering on buildings or structures in existence prior to the adoption of this code that are replaced or have 25 percent or more replaced in a 12-month period shall be replaced with an approved roof covering in accordance with BIMC 20.04.140.

(Ord. 2021-01 § 11, 2021; Ord. 2016-13 § 9, 2016)